Method and system for creating 3d models from 2d data for building information modeling (bim)

ABSTRACT

A method and system for creating three dimensional (3D) models from two dimensional (2D) data for building information modeling (BIM). The method and system allow new, 2D, 3D and higher dimensional models to be created for existing 3D modeling programs (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT, AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS, MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.). The new models are used to enhance and extend existing 3D modeling programs. The new models can also be used to directly create physical objects (e.g., windows, doors, etc.) represented by the new models with robots, 3D printers and manufacturing machines.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to creating three dimensional models that areused to create actual products. More specifically, it relates to amethod and system for creating three dimensional (3D) models from twodimensional (2D) data for building information modeling (BIM).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a process including thegeneration and management of digital representations of physical andfunctional characteristics of physical spaces. Building InformationModels (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats andcontaining proprietary data) which can be exchanged or networked tosupport decision-making.

Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and governmentauthorities who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diversephysical infrastructures, from water, wastewater, electricity, gas,refuse and communication utilities to roads, bridges and ports, fromhouses, apartments, schools and shops to offices, factories, warehousesand prisons, etc.

However, there are a number of problems associated with creating threedimensional models (3D) from two dimensional (2D) data buildinginformation modeling (BIM).

One problem is that poor BIM software interoperability has long beenregarded as an obstacle to industry efficiency in general and to BIMadoption in particular. In August 2004 the US National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) issued a report which conservativelyestimated that $15.8 billion was lost annually by the U.S. capitalfacilities industry due to inadequate interoperability arising from “thehighly fragmented nature of the industry, the industry's continued paperbased business practices, a lack of standardization, and inconsistenttechnology adoption among stakeholders”.

Another problem is existing BIM 3D modeling programs cannot be easilyextended for new products.

Another problem is that it is not easy to create new 3D models forexisting 3D modeling programs.

Another problem is that new 3D models used on one 3D modeling programare not in a format that is directly compatible with a second 3Dmodeling program.

Another problem is that 3D modeling programs file formats areproprietary and are difficult to create new 3D models for.

There have been attempts to solve some of the problems associated withadding news models for BIM. For example, U.S Published PatentApplication US20120215500A1 published by Elisa Ciuti teaches “A methodand associated device relate to the enhancement of a digital model of abuilding using a computer, wherein: a) the digital model is analyzed inorder to identify the elements that make up the building and havespecific characteristics in the building; b) construction products whichhave properties that match said characteristics are defined; and c) thedigital model is enhanced by adding, for every element that makes up themodel, data from at least one list of suitable construction products.”

U.S Published Patent Application US20120310906A1 published by Miller etal. teaches “Systems and methods are disclosed for tracking the contentof building information models. Embodiments include variouscomputer-implemented methods for the tagging of BIM information, and forthe monitoring of modification events involving BIM information. Inaddition, activities involving physical elements associated with BIMinformation are tracked. Providers of BIM content can tag content priorto distribution, enabling an internet-based service to track usage,enabling improved service to consumers of that BIM content. Designerscan tag BIM content and BIM elements for tracking during the useful lifeof a building. Internet based messaging protocols can be used forcommunication between web services, client services and clientapplications. Monitoring and communication services function unattended.The system includes integration with BIM design applications, as well asstand-alone, end user system applications and browser interfaces.Analytic tools can be used to report on the tracking data.”

U.S Published Patent Application US20120310906A1 published by Arnold etal. teaches “A building information management (BIM) system is providedwith a library platform that supports a toolset with novelfunctionality. Embodiments of the invention provide a library ofproducts that can be used in a BIM and provide a virtual product setwith improved functionality and more detailed information about theproducts. The library of products includes virtual products thatcomprise parametrically described data objects. The toolset includes aneditor with which the virtual products can be edited and modified. Thelibrary of virtual products can be configured for interoperability withmultiple BIM systems.”

International Patent Application WO 2011051639 A1 published by ElisaCuiti teaches “The present invention relates to the enhancement of adigital model of a building using computer means, wherein: a) thedigital model is analysed (S1, S3) in order to identify the elementsthat make up the building and have specific characteristics in thebuilding; b) construction products which have properties that match saidcharacteristics are defined (S5); and c) the digital model is enhanced(S7) by adding, for every element that makes up the model, data from atleast one list of suitable construction products.”

U.S. Issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,427,473 that issued to Elsberg, et al.teaches “An electronically implemented method of on-site visualizationof building information model data, the method constituted of: loading a3D scene comprising building information model data; receiving real timepositional information comprising geographic coordinate information andorientation information; rendering a pseudo-realistic image of theloaded 3D scene responsive to the real time positional information; anddisplaying the rendered pseudo-realistic image. Preferably the methodfurther provides for displaying engineering information of the buildinginformation model responsive to the real time positional information.Preferably, the pseudo-realistic image provides shadowing responsive toreal time chronographic information and the received real timepositional information.”

U.S. Issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,484,231 that issued to Li et al. teaches “Aprocess includes mapping a data format in an object in a source schemato a data format in an object in a destination schema. The processincludes defining an attribute mapping, defining a relation between thedata format in the object in the source and the data format in theobject in the destination, mapping the data format in the object in thesource to the data format in the object in the destination, andconverting the data format in the object in the source to another dataformat within the source. When the object in the source has no analog indestination, a foreign object is introduced into the destination, andwhen the object in the destination refers to one or more dependentobjects, one or more instances of referred objects are generatedaccording to a predefined policy in the mapping.”

However, none of these solutions solves all of the problems associatedwith adding new models for BIM.

Thus, it is desirable to solve some of the problems associated creatingthree dimensional (3D) models from two dimensional (2D) data for BIM.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, someof the problems associated creating three dimensional (3D) models fromtwo dimensional (2D) data for building information modeling (BIM) areovercome. A method and system for a method and system for creating threedimensional (3D) models from two dimensional (2D) data for buildinginformation modeling (BIM) is presented.

The method and system allow new, 2D, 3D and higher dimensional models tobe created for existing 3D modeling programs (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT,AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS, MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.). The new models areused to enhance and extend existing 3D modeling programs. The new modelscan also be used to directly create physical objects (e.g., windows,doors, etc.) represented by the new models with robots, 3D printers andmanufacturing machines.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of preferred embodimentsof the present invention will be more readily apparent from thefollowing detailed description. The detailed description proceeds withreferences to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described withreference to the following drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary electronicinformation display system;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary electronicinformation display system;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary networking protocolstack;

FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating an exemplary cloud communicationsnetwork;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary cloud storageobject;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary QR bar code;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating wearable devices;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are a flow diagram illustrating a method for creatingthree dimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for creating threedimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are a flow diagram illustrating a method for creatingthree dimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data with cloudcomputing; and

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a data flow for the method ofFIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Exemplary Cloud ElectronicInformation Storage and Retrieval System

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary electronicinformation display system 10. The exemplary electronic system 10includes, but is not limited to, one or more target network devices 12,14, 16 (only three of which are illustrated) each with one or moreprocessors and each with a non-transitory computer readable medium.

The one or more target network devices 12, 14, 16 include, but are notlimited to, multimedia capable desktop and laptop computers, tabletcomputers, facsimile machines, mobile phones, non-mobile phones withand/or without displays, three-dimensional (3D) printer, robots, smartphones, Internet phones, Internet appliances, personal digital/dataassistants (PDA), two-way pagers, digital cameras, portable gameconsoles (Play Station Portable by Sony, Game Boy by Sony, Nintendo DSI,etc.), non-portable game consoles (Xbox by Microsoft, Play Station bySony, Wii by Nintendo, etc.), cable television (CATV), satellitetelevision (SATV) and Internet television set-top boxes, digitaltelevisions including high definition television (HDTV),three-dimensional (3DTV) televisions, wearable devices and other typesof network devices.

The one or more smart network devices 12, 14, 16 include smart phonessuch as the iPhone by Apple, Inc., Blackberry Storm and other Blackberrymodels by Research In Motion, Inc. (RIM), Droid by Motorola, Inc. HTC,Inc. other types of smart phones, etc. However, the present invention isnot limited to such smart phone devices, and more, fewer or otherdevices can be used to practice the invention.

A “smart phone” is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computingability and connectivity than a contemporary basic feature phone. Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computersintegrated with a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones areable to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME, a smartphone usually allows the user to install and run more advancedapplications. Smart phones and/or tablet computers run completeoperating system software providing a platform for applicationdevelopers.

The operating systems include the iPhone OS, Android, Windows, etc.iPhone OS is a proprietary operating system for the Apple iPhone.Android is an open source operating system platform backed by Google,along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC,ARM, Motorola and Samsung, etc.), that form the Open Handset Alliance.

The one or more smart network devices 12, 14, 16 include tabletcomputers such as the iPad, by Apple, Inc., the HP Tablet, by HewlettPackard, Inc., the Playbook, by RIM, Inc., the Tablet, by Sony, Inc.

A 3D printer 37 (FIG. 1) include 3D printing or “Additivemanufacturing.” 3D printing is a process of making a three-dimensionalsolid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D printing isachieved using an “additive process,” where successive layers ofmaterial are laid down in different shapes. 3D printing is alsoconsidered distinct from traditional machining techniques, which mostlyrely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drillingand are “subtractive” processes.

In one embodiment, a 3D printer 37 is a limited type of industrial robotthat is capable of carrying out an additive process under computercontrol. The 3D printing technology is used for both prototyping anddistributed manufacturing with applications in architecture,construction (AEC), industrial design, automotive, aerospace, military,engineering, civil engineering, dental and medical industries, biotech(human tissue replacement), fashion, footwear, jewelry, eyewear,education, geographic information systems, food, and/or many otherfields.

The target network devices 12, 14, 16 are in communications with a cloudcommunications network 18 or a non-cloud computing network 18′ via oneor more wired and/or wireless communications interfaces. The cloudcommunications network 18, is also called a “cloud computing network”herein and the terms may be used interchangeably.

The plural target network devices 12, 14, 16 request desired electroniccontent 13, 15, etc. such as 3D models for specific 3D modeling programsstored on the cloud communications network 18 or non-cloudcommunications network 18′

The cloud communications network 18 and non-cloud communications network18′ includes, but is not limited to, communications over a wireconnected to the target network devices, wireless communications, andother types of communications using one or more communications and/ornetworking protocols.

Plural server network devices 20, 22, 24, 26 (only four of which areillustrated) each with one or more processors and a non-transitorycomputer readable medium include one or more associated databases 20′,22′, 24′, 26′. The plural network devices 20, 22, 24, 26 are incommunications with the one or more target devices 12, 14, 16 via thecloud communications network 18 and non-cloud communications network18′.

Plural server network devices 20, 22, 24, 26 (only four of which areillustrated) are physically located on one more public networks 76 (SeeFIG. 4), private networks 72, community networks 74 and/or hybridnetworks 78 comprising the cloud network 18.

One or more server network devices (e.g., 20, etc.) securely stores oneor more cloud content location maps 17 and other plural server networkdevices (e.g., 22, 24, 26, etc.) store portions 13′, 15′ of desiredelectronic content 13, 15 as cloud storage objects 82 (FIG. 5) as isdescribed herein.

The plural server network devices 20, 22, 24 26, include, but are notlimited to, manufacturing machines 35, 3D printers 39, robots 41, WorldWide Web servers, Internet servers, search engine servers, verticalsearch engine servers, social networking site servers, file servers,other types of electronic information servers, and other types of servernetwork devices (e.g., edge servers, firewalls, routers, gateways,etc.).

The plural server network devices 20, 22, 24, 26 also include, but arenot limited to, network servers used for cloud computing providers, etc.

The cloud communications network 18 and non-cloud communications network18′ includes, but is not limited to, a wired and/or wirelesscommunications network comprising one or more portions of: the Internet,an intranet, a Local Area Network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WiLAN), a WideArea Network (WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Public SwitchedTelephone Network (PSTN), a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) andother types of wired and/or wireless communications networks 18.

The cloud communications network 18 and non-cloud communications network18′ includes one or more gateways, routers, bridges and/or switches. Agateway connects computer networks using different network protocolsand/or operating at different transmission capacities. A router receivestransmitted messages and forwards them to their correct destinationsover the most efficient available route. A bridge is a device thatconnects networks using the same communications protocols so thatinformation can be passed from one network device to another. A switchis a device that filters and forwards packets between network segmentsbased on some pre-determined sequence (e.g., timing, sequence number,etc.).

An operating environment for the network devices of the exemplaryelectronic information display system 10 include a processing systemwith one or more high speed Central Processing Unit(s) (CPU),processors, one or more memories and/or other types of non-transitorycomputer readable mediums. In accordance with the practices of personsskilled in the art of computer programming, the present invention isdescribed below with reference to acts and symbolic representations ofoperations or instructions that are performed by the processing system,unless indicated otherwise. Such acts and operations or instructions arereferred to as being “computer-executed,” “CPU-executed,” or“processor-executed.”

It will be appreciated that acts and symbolically represented operationsor instructions include the manipulation of electrical information bythe CPU or processor. An electrical system represents data bits whichcause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electricalinformation or biological information, and the maintenance of data bitsat memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure orotherwise alter the CPU's or processor's operation, as well as otherprocessing of information. The memory locations where data bits aremaintained are physical locations that have particular electrical,magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to the data bits.

The data bits may also be maintained on a non-transitory computerreadable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, organic memory,and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) ornon-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.) massstorage system readable by the CPU. The non-transitory computer readablemedium includes cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium,which exist exclusively on the processing system or can be distributedamong multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local orremote to the processing system.

Exemplary Electronic Content Display System

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary electronic contentinformation display system 28. The exemplary electronic informationsystem display system 12′ includes, but is not limited to a targetnetwork device (e.g., 12, etc.) with an application 30 and a displaycomponent 32. The application 30 presents a graphical user interface(GUI) 34 on the display 32 component. The GUI 32 presents a multi-window36, 38, etc. (only two of which are illustrated) interface to a user.

In one embodiment of the invention, the application 30 is a softwareapplication. However, the present invention is not limited to thisembodiment and the application 30 can be hardware, firmware, hardwareand/or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the application 30 isa mobile application for a smart phone, electronic tablet or othermobile network device. In another embodiment, the application 30, 30′ iscloud application used on a cloud communications network 18. However,the present invention is not limited these embodiments and otherembodiments can be used to practice the invention

In another embodiment, a portion of the application 30 is executing onthe target network devices 12, 14, 16 and another portion of theapplication 30′ is executing on the server network devices 20, 22, 24,26. The applications also include one or more library applications 31.However, the present invention is not limited these embodiments andother embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

Exemplary Networking Protocol Stack

FIG. 3 a block diagram illustrating a layered protocol stack 38 fornetwork devices in the electronic information display system 10. Thelayered protocol stack 38 is described with respect to Internet Protocol(IP) suites comprising in general from lowest-to-highest, a link 42,network 44, transport 48 and application 56 layers. However, more orfewer layers could also be used, and different layer designations couldalso be used for the layers in the protocol stack 38 (e.g., layeringbased on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model including fromlowest-to-highest, a physical, data-link, network, transport, session,presentation and application layer.).

The network devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 are connected to thecommunication network 18 with Network Interface Card (NIC) cardsincluding device drivers 40 in a link layer 42 for the actual hardwareconnecting the network devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 to the cloudcommunications network 18. For example, the NIC device drivers 40 mayinclude a serial port device driver, a digital subscriber line (DSL)device driver, an Ethernet device driver, a wireless device driver, awired device driver, etc. The device drivers interface with the actualhardware being used to connect the network devices to the cloudcommunications network 18. The NIC cards have a medium access control(MAC) address that is unique to each NIC and unique across the wholecloud network 18. The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is used toprovide a data link layer of an Ethernet LAN system and for othernetwork systems.

Above the link layer 42 is a network layer 44 (also called the InternetLayer for Internet Protocol (IP) suites). The network layer 44 includes,but is not limited to, an IP layer 46.

IP 46 is an addressing protocol designed to route traffic within anetwork or between networks. However, more fewer or other protocols canalso be used in the network layer 44, and the present invention is notlimited to IP 46. For more information on IP 54 see IETF RFC-791,incorporated herein by reference.

Above network layer 44 is a transport layer 48. The transport layer 48includes, but is not limited to, an optional Internet Group ManagementProtocol (IGMP) layer 50, a Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)layer 52, a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer 52 and a UserDatagram Protocol (UDP) layer 54. However, more, fewer or otherprotocols could also be used in the transport layer 48.

Optional IGMP layer 50, hereinafter IGMP 50, is responsible formulticasting. For more information on IGMP 50 see RFC-1112, incorporatedherein by reference. ICMP layer 52, hereinafter ICMP 52 is used for IP46 control. The main functions of ICMP 52 include error reporting,reachability testing (e.g., pinging, etc.), route-change notification,performance, subnet addressing and other maintenance. For moreinformation on ICMP 52 see RFC-792, incorporated herein by reference.Both IGMP 50 and ICMP 52 are not required in the protocol stack 38. ICMP52 can be used alone without optional IGMP layer 50.

TCP layer 54, hereinafter TCP 54, provides a connection-oriented,end-to-end reliable protocol designed to fit into a layered hierarchy ofprotocols which support multi-network applications. TCP 54 provides forreliable inter-process communication between pairs of processes innetwork devices attached to distinct but interconnected networks. Formore information on TCP 54 see RFC-793, incorporated herein byreference.

UDP layer 56, hereinafter UDP 56, provides a connectionless mode ofcommunications with datagrams in an interconnected set of computernetworks. UDP 54 provides a transaction oriented datagram protocol,where delivery and duplicate packet protection are not guaranteed. Formore information on UDP 56 see RFC-768, incorporated herein byreference. Both TCP 54 and UDP 56 are not required in protocol stack 38.Either TCP 54 or UDP 56 can be used without the other.

Above transport layer 48 is an application layer 57 where applicationprograms 58 (e.g., 30, 30′, etc.) to carry out desired functionality fora network device reside. For example, the application programs 58 forthe client network devices 12, 14, 16 may include web-browsers or otherapplication programs, application program 30, while application programsfor the server network devices 20, 22, 24, 26 may include otherapplication programs (e.g., 30′, etc.).

However, the protocol stack 38 is not limited to the protocol layersillustrated and more, fewer or other layers and protocols can also beused in protocol stack 38. In addition, other protocols from theInternet Protocol suites (e.g., Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, (SMTP),Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), DNS, etc.) and/or otherprotocols from other protocol suites may also be used in protocol stack38.

In addition, markup languages such as HyperText Markup Language (HTML),EXtensible Markup Language (XML) and others are used.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language for creating webpages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.

HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosedin angle brackets within the web page content. HTML tags most commonlycome in pairs although some tags represent empty elements and so areunpaired. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tagis the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). Inbetween these tags web designers can add text, further tags, commentsand other types of text-based content.

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose theminto visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTMLtags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allowsimages and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactiveforms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denotingstructural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists,links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts written in languagessuch as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.

EXtensible Markup Language (XML) is another markup language that definesa set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is bothhuman-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0Specification produced by the W3C, the contents of which areincorporated by reference and several other related specifications, allfree open standards.

XML a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for thelanguages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents,it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures,for example in web services. The oldest schema language for XML is theDocument Type Definition (DTD). DTDs within XML documents defineentities, which are arbitrary fragments of text and/or markup tags thatthe XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML documentwherever they are referenced, like character escapes.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention include network devicesand wired and wireless interfaces that are compliant with all or part ofstandards proposed by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicEngineers (IEEE), International TelecommunicationsUnion-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU), EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), Internet Engineering TaskForce (IETF), U.S. National Institute of Security Technology (NIST),American National Standard Institute (ANSI), Wireless ApplicationProtocol (WAP) Forum, Bluetooth Forum, or the ADSL Forum.

Wireless Interfaces

In one embodiment of the present invention, the wireless interfaces onnetwork devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 include but are not limitedto, 3G and/or 4G IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.15.4(ZigBee), “Wireless Fidelity” (Wi-Fi), “Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access” (WiMAX), ETSI High Performance Radio Metropolitan AreaNetwork (HIPERMAN) or “RF Home” wireless interfaces. In anotherembodiment of the present invention, the wireless sensor device mayinclude an integral or separate Bluetooth and/or infra data association(IrDA) module for wireless Bluetooth or wireless infraredcommunications. However, the present invention is not limited to such anembodiment and other 802.11xx and other types of wireless interfaces canalso be used.

802.11b is a short-range wireless network standard. The IEEE 802.11bstandard defines wireless interfaces that provide up to 11 Mbps wirelessdata transmission to and from wireless devices over short ranges.802.11a is an extension of the 802.11b and can deliver speeds up to 54Mbps. 802.11g deliver speeds on par with 802.11a. However, other 802.11XXinterfaces can also be used and the present invention is not limited tothe 802.11 protocols defined. The IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11gstandards are incorporated herein by reference.

Wi-Fi is a type of 802.11xx interface, whether 802.11b, 802.11a,dual-band, etc. Wi-Fi devices include an RF interfaces such as 2.4 GHzfor 802.11b or 802.11g and 5 GHz for 802.11a.

802.15.4 (Zigbee) is low data rate network standard used for meshnetwork devices such as sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remotecontrols, and home automation. The 802.15.4 standard provides data ratesof 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps., two addressing modes; 16-bit shortand 64-bit IEEE addressing, support for critical latency devices, suchas joysticks, Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance,(CSMA-CA) channel access, automatic network establishment by acoordinator, a full handshake protocol for transfer reliability, powermanagement to ensure low power consumption for multi-month to multi-yearbattery usage and up to 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz Industrial,Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (Worldwide), 10 channels in the 915MHz (US) and one channel in the 868 MHz band (Europe). The IEEE802.15.4-2003 standard is incorporated herein by reference.

WiMAX is an industry trade organization formed by leading communicationscomponent and equipment companies to promote and certify compatibilityand interoperability of broadband wireless access equipment thatconforms to the IEEE 802.16XX and ETSI HIPERMAN. HIPERMAN is theEuropean standard for metropolitan area networks (MAN).

The IEEE The 802.16a and 802.16g standards are wireless MAN technologystandard that provides a wireless alternative to cable, DSL and T1/E1for last mile broadband access. It is also used as complimentarytechnology to connect IEEE 802.11XX hot spots to the Internet.

The IEEE 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless MAN technology thatprovides broadband wireless connectivity to fixed, portable and nomadicdevices. It provides up to 50-kilometers of service area range, allowsusers to get broadband connectivity without needing direct line of sightwith the base station, and provides total data rates of up to 280 Mbpsper base station, which is enough bandwidth to simultaneously supporthundreds of businesses with T1/E1-type connectivity and thousands ofhomes with DSL-type connectivity with a single base station. The IEEE802.16g provides up to 100 Mbps.

The IEEE 802.16e standard is an extension to the approved IEEE802.16/16a/16 g standard. The purpose of 802.16e is to add limitedmobility to the current standard which is designed for fixed operation.

The ESTI HIPERMAN standard is an interoperable broadband fixed wirelessaccess standard for systems operating at radio frequencies between 2 GHzand 11 GHz.

The IEEE 802.16a, 802.16e and 802.16g standards are incorporated hereinby reference. WiMAX can be used to provide a WLP.

The ETSI HIPERMAN standards TR 101 031, TR 101 475, TR 101 493-1 throughTR 101 493-3, TR 101 761-1 through TR 101 761-4, TR 101 762, TR 101763-1 through TR 101 763-3 and TR 101 957 are incorporated herein byreference. ETSI HIPERMAN can be used to provide a WLP.

In one embodiment, the plural server network devices 20, 22, 24, 26include a connection to plural network interface cards (NICs) in abackplane connected to a communications bus. The NIC cards providegigabit/second (1×10⁹ bits/second) communications speed of electronicinformation. This allows “scaling out” for fast electronic contentretrieval. The NICs are connected to the plural server network devices20, 22, 24, 26 and the cloud communications network 18. However, thepresent invention is not limited to the NICs described and other typesof NICs in other configurations and connections with and/or withoutbuses can also be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, network devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 and wiredand wireless interfaces including the NICs include “4G” components. “4G”refers to the fourth generation of wireless communications standards andspeeds of 100 megabits/second to gigabits/second or more. 4G includespeak speed requirements for 4G service at least 100 Mbit/s for highmobility communication (e.g., trains, vehicles, etc.) and 1 Gbit/s forlow mobility communication (e.g., pedestrians and stationary users,etc.).

4G technologies are a successor to 3G and 2G standards. The nomenclatureof the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamentalnature of the service. The first was the move from analogue (1G) todigital (2G) transmission. This was followed by multi-media support,spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 Kbits/second (3G). The 4GNICs include IP packet-switched NICs, wired and wireless ultra-broadband(i.e., gigabit speed) access NICs, Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX) NICs WiMAX Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/ormulti-carrier transmission NICs. However, the present invention is notlimited to this embodiment and 1G, 2G and 3G and/or any combinationthereof, with or with 4G NICs can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment of the invention, the WiMAX interface includes WiMAX4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) interfaces. The ITU announced in December2010 that WiMAX and LTE are 4G technologies. One of the benefits of 4GLTE is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networksincluding those on cloud communications networks 18 such as optimizedheterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells with low power nodessuch as picocells, femtocells and new relay nodes. LTE further improvesthe capacity and coverage, and helps ensures user fairness. 4G LTE alsointroduces multicarrier technologies for ultra-wide bandwidth use, up to100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates.

In one embodiment, of the invention, the wireless interfaces alsoinclude wireless personal area network (WPAN) interfaces. As is known inthe art, a WPAN is a personal area network for interconnecting devicescentered around an individual person's devices in which the connectionsare wireless. A WPAN interconnects all the ordinary computing andcommunicating devices that a person has on their desk (e.g. computer,etc.) or carry with them (e.g., PDA, mobile phone, smart phone, tablecomputer two-way pager, etc.)

A key concept in WPAN technology is known as “plugging in.” In the idealscenario, when any two WPAN-equipped devices come into close proximity(within several meters and/or feet of each other) or within a few milesand/or kilometers of a central server (not illustrated), they cancommunicate via wireless communications as if connected by a cable. WPANdevices can also lock out other devices selectively, preventing needlessinterference or unauthorized access to secure information. Zigbee is onewireless protocol used on WPAN networks such as cloud communicationsnetwork 18 or non-cloud communications network 18′.

The one or more target network devices 12, 14, 16 and one or more servernetwork devices 20, 22, 24, 26 communicate with each other and othernetwork devices with near field communications (NFC) and/ormachine-to-machine (M2M) communications.

“Near field communication (NFC)” is a set of standards for smartphonesand similar network devices to establish radio communication with eachother by touching them together or bringing them into close proximity,usually no more than a few centimeters. Present applications includecontactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of morecomplex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possiblebetween an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a “tag”including radio frequency identifier (RFID) tags 99 and/or sensor.

NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats,and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID)standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. These standards includeISO/IEC 1809 and those defined by the NFC Forum, all of which areincorporated by reference.

An “RFID tag” 99 is an object that can be applied to or incorporatedinto a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identificationand/or tracking using RF signals.

An “RFID sensor” is a device that measures a physical quantity andconverts it into an RF signal which can be read by an observer or by aninstrument (e.g., target network devices 12, 14, 16, server networkdevices 20, 22, 24, 26, etc.)

“Machine to machine (M2M)” refers to technologies that allow bothwireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the sameability. M2M uses a device to capture an event (such as option purchase,etc.), which is relayed through a network (wireless, wired cloud, etc.)to an application (software program), that translates the captured eventinto meaningful information. Such communication was originallyaccomplished by having a remote network of machines relay informationback to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into asystem like a personal computer.

However, modern M2M communication has expanded beyond a one-to-oneconnection and changed into a system of networks that transmits datamany-to-one and many-to-many to plural different types of devices andappliances. The expansion of IP networks across the world has made itfar easier for M2M communication to take place and has lessened theamount of power and time necessary for information to be communicatedbetween machines.

However, the present invention is not limited to such wirelessinterfaces and wireless networks and more, fewer and/or other wirelessinterfaces can be used to practice the invention.

Wired Interfaces

In one embodiment of the present invention, the wired interfaces includewired interfaces and corresponding networking protocols for wiredconnections to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and/or acable television network (CATV) and/or satellite television networks(SATV) and/or three-dimensional television (3DTV), including HDTV thatconnect the network devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 via one or moretwisted pairs of copper wires, digital subscriber lines (e.g. DSL, ADSL,VDSL, etc.) coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, other connection media orother connection interfaces. The PSTN is any public switched telephonenetwork provided by AT&T, GTE, Sprint, MCI, SBC, Verizon and others. TheCATV is any cable television network provided by the Comcast, TimeWarner, etc. However, the present invention is not limited to such wiredinterfaces and more, fewer and/or other wired interfaces can be used topractice the invention.

Television Services

In one embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide cloudelectronic content storage and retrieval services from televisionservices over the cloud communications network 18 or non-cloudcommunications network 18′. The television services include digitaltelevision services, including, but not limited to, cable television,satellite television, high-definition television, three-dimensional,televisions and other types of network devices.

However, the present invention is not limited to such televisionservices and more, fewer and/or other television services can be used topractice the invention.

Internet Television Services

In one embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide cloudelectronic content storage and retrieval services from Internettelevision services over the cloud communications network 18 ornon-cloud communications network 18′ The television services includeInternet television, Web-TV, and/or Internet Protocol Television (IPtv)and/or other broadcast television services.

“Internet television” allows users to choose a program or the televisionshow they want to watch from an archive of programs or from a channeldirectory. The two forms of viewing Internet television are streamingcontent directly to a media player or simply downloading a program to aviewer's set-top box, game console, computer, or other network device.

“Web-TV” delivers digital content via broadband and mobile networks. Thedigital content is streamed to a viewer's set-top box, game console,computer, or other network device.

“Internet Protocol television (IPtv)” is a system through which Internettelevision services are delivered using the architecture and networkingmethods of the Internet Protocol Suite over a packet-switched networkinfrastructure, e.g., the Internet and broadband Internet accessnetworks, instead of being delivered through traditional radio frequencybroadcast, satellite signal, and cable television formats.

However, the present invention is not limited to such InternetTelevision services and more, fewer and/or other Internet Televisionservices can be used to practice the invention.

General Search Engine Services

In one embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide cloudelectronic content storage and retrieval services from general searchengine services. A search engine is designed to search for informationon a cloud communications network 18 or non-cloud communications network18′ such as the Internet including World Wide Web servers, HTTP, FTPservers etc. The search results are generally presented in a list ofelectronic results. The information may consist of web pages, images,electronic information, multimedia information, and other types offiles. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or opendirectories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained by humaneditors, search engines typically operate algorithmically and/or are amixture of algorithmic and human input.

In one embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide cloudelectronic content storage and retrieval services from general searchengine services. In another embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′provide general search engine services by interacting with one or moreother public search engines (e.g., GOOGLE, BING, YAHOO, etc.) and/orprivate search engine services.

In another embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide electroniccontent storage and retrieval services from specialized search engineservices, such as vertical search engine services by interacting withone or more other public vertical search engines (e.g., GALAXY.COM,etc.) and/or private search engine services.

However, the present invention is not limited to such general and/orvertical search engine services and more, fewer and/or other generalsearch engine services can be used to practice the invention.

Social Networking Services

In one embodiment, the cloud applications 30, 30′ provide cloudelectronic content storage and retrieval services from one more socialnetworking services including to/from one or more social networkingweb-sites (e.g., FACEBOOK, YOUTUBE, TWITTER, MY-SPACE, MATCH.COM,E-HARMONY, GROUP ON, SOCIAL LIVING, etc.). The social networkingweb-sites also include, but are not limited to, social couponing sites,dating web-sites, blogs, RSS feeds, and other types of informationweb-sites in which messages can be left or posted for a variety ofsocial activities.

However, the present invention is not limited to the social networkingservices described and other public and private social networkingservices can also be used to practice the invention.

Security and Encryption

Network devices 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26 with wired and/or wirelessinterfaces of the present invention include one or more of the securityand encryptions techniques discussed herein for secure communications onthe cloud communications network 18 or non-cloud communications network18′.

Application programs 58 (FIG. 2) include security and/or encryptionapplication programs integral to and/or separate from the applications30, 30′ Security and/or encryption programs may also exist in hardwarecomponents on the network devices (12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26) describedherein and/or exist in a combination of hardware, software and/orfirmware.

Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) (also called “Wired EquivalentPrivacy) is a security protocol for WiLANs defined in the IEEE 802.11bstandard. WEP is cryptographic privacy algorithm, based on the RivestCipher 4 (RC4) encryption engine, used to provide confidentiality for802.11b wireless data.

RC4 is cipher designed by RSA Data Security, Inc. of Bedford, Mass.,which can accept encryption keys of arbitrary length, and is essentiallya pseudo random number generator with an output of the generator beingXORed with a data stream to produce encrypted data.

One problem with WEP is that it is used at the two lowest layers of theOSI model, the physical layer and the data link layer, therefore, itdoes not offer end-to-end security. One another problem with WEP is thatits encryption keys are static rather than dynamic. To update WEPencryption keys, an individual has to manually update a WEP key. WEPalso typically uses 40-bit static keys for encryption and thus provides“weak encryption,” making a WEP device a target of hackers.

The IEEE 802.11 Working Group is working on a security upgrade for the802.11 standard called “802.11i.” This supplemental draft standard isintended to improve WiLAN security. It describes the encryptedtransmission of data between systems 802.11X WiLANs. It also defines newencryption key protocols including the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol(TKIP). The IEEE 802.11i draft standard, version 4, completed Jun. 6,2003, is incorporated herein by reference.

The 802.11i standard is based on 802.1x port-based authentication foruser and device authentication. The 802.11i standard includes two maindevelopments: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Robust Security Network(RSN).

WPA uses the same RC4 underlying encryption algorithm as WEP. However,WPA uses TKIP to improve security of keys used with WEP. WPA keys arederived and rotated more often than WEP keys and thus provide additionalsecurity. WPA also adds a message-integrity-check function to preventpacket forgeries.

RSN uses dynamic negotiation of authentication and selectable encryptionalgorithms between wireless access points and wireless devices. Theauthentication schemes proposed in the draft standard include ExtensibleAuthentication Protocol (EAP). One proposed encryption algorithm is anAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm.

Dynamic negotiation of authentication and encryption algorithms lets RSNevolve with the state of the art in security, adding algorithms toaddress new threats and continuing to provide the security necessary toprotect information that WiLANs carry.

The NIST developed a new encryption standard, the Advanced EncryptionStandard (AES) to keep government information secure. AES is intended tobe a stronger, more efficient successor to Triple Data EncryptionStandard (3DES).

DES is a popular symmetric-key encryption method developed in 1975 andstandardized by ANSI in 1981 as ANSI X.3.92, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. As is known in the art, 3DES is theencrypt-decrypt-encrypt (EDE) mode of the DES cipher algorithm. 3DES isdefined in the ANSI standard, ANSI X9.52-1998, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. DES modes of operation are used inconjunction with the NIST Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS)for data encryption (FIPS 46-3, October 1999), the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

The NIST approved a FIPS for the AES, FIPS-197. This standard specified“Rijndael” encryption as a FIPS-approved symmetric encryption algorithmthat may be used by U.S. Government organizations (and others) toprotect sensitive information. The NIST FIPS-197 standard (AES FIPS PUB197, November 2001) is incorporated herein by reference.

The NIST approved a FIPS for U.S. Federal Government requirements forinformation technology products for sensitive but unclassified (SBU)communications. The NIST FIPS Security Requirements for CryptographicModules (FIPS PUB 140-2, May 2001) is incorporated herein by reference.

RSA is a public key encryption system which can be used both forencrypting messages and making digital signatures. The letters RSA standfor the names of the inventors: Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. For moreinformation on RSA, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829, now expired andincorporated herein by reference.

“Hashing” is the transformation of a string of characters into a usuallyshorter fixed-length value or key that represents the original string.Hashing is used to index and retrieve items in a database because it isfaster to find the item using the shorter hashed key than to find itusing the original value. It is also used in many encryption algorithms.

Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), is used for computing a secure condensedrepresentation of a data message or a data file. When a message of anylength<2⁶⁴ bits is input, the SHA-1 produces a 160-bit output called a“message digest.” The message digest can then be input to other securitytechniques such as encryption, a Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) andothers which generates or verifies a security mechanism for the message.SHA-512 outputs a 512-bit message digest. The Secure Hash Standard, FIPSPUB 180-1, Apr. 17, 1995, is incorporated herein by reference.

Message Digest-5 (MD-5) takes as input a message of arbitrary length andproduces as output a 128-bit “message digest” of the input. The MD5algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a largefile must be “compressed” in a secure manner before being encrypted witha private (secret) key under a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA. TheIETF RFC-1321, entitled “The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm” isincorporated here by reference.

Providing a way to check the integrity of information transmitted overor stored in an unreliable medium such as a wireless network is a primenecessity in the world of open computing and communications. Mechanismsthat provide such integrity check based on a secret key are called“message authentication codes” (MAC). Typically, message authenticationcodes are used between two parties that share a secret key in order tovalidate information transmitted between these parties.

Keyed Hashing for Message Authentication Codes (HMAC), is a mechanismfor message authentication using cryptographic hash functions. HMAC isused with any iterative cryptographic hash function, e.g., MD5, SHA-1,SHA-512, etc. in combination with a secret shared key. The cryptographicstrength of HMAC depends on the properties of the underlying hashfunction. The IETF RFC-2101, entitled “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for MessageAuthentication” is incorporated here by reference.

An Electronic Code Book (ECB) is a mode of operation for a “blockcipher,” with the characteristic that each possible block of plaintexthas a defined corresponding cipher text value and vice versa. In otherwords, the same plaintext value will always result in the same ciphertext value. Electronic Code Book is used when a volume of plaintext isseparated into several blocks of data, each of which is then encryptedindependently of other blocks. The Electronic Code Book has the abilityto support a separate encryption key for each block type.

Diffie and Hellman (DH) describe several different group methods for twoparties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way that the secret willbe unavailable to eavesdroppers. This secret is then converted intovarious types of cryptographic keys. A large number of the variants ofthe DH method exist including ANSI X9.42. The IETF RFC-2631, entitled“Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method” is incorporated here by reference.

The HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) Secure (HTTPs), is a standardfor encrypted communications on the World Wide Web. HTTPs is actuallyjust HTTP over a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). For more information onHTTP, see IETF RFC-2616 incorporated herein by reference.

The SSL protocol is a protocol layer which may be placed between areliable connection-oriented network layer protocol (e.g. TCP/IP) andthe application protocol layer (e.g. HTTP). SSL provides for securecommunication between a source and destination by allowing mutualauthentication, the use of digital signatures for integrity, andencryption for privacy.

The SSL protocol is designed to support a range of choices for specificsecurity methods used for cryptography, message digests, and digitalsignatures. The security methods are negotiated between the source anddestination at the start of establishing a protocol session. The SSL 2.0protocol specification, by Kipp E. B. Hickman, 1995 is incorporatedherein by reference. More information on SSL is available at the domainname See “netscape.com/eng/security/SSL_(—)2.html.”

Transport Layer Security (TLS) provides communications privacy over theInternet. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicateover a transport layer (e.g., TCP) in a way that is designed to preventeavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery. For more information onTLS see IETF RFC-2246, incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the security functionality includes Cisco CompatibleEXtensions (CCX). CCX includes security specifications for makers of802.11xx wireless LAN chips for ensuring compliance with Cisco'sproprietary wireless security LAN protocols. As is known in the art,Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. is supplier of networkinghardware and software, including router and security products.

However, the present invention is not limited to such security andencryption methods described herein and more, fewer and/or other typesof security and encryption methods can be used to practice theinvention. The security and encryption methods described herein can alsobe used in various combinations and/or in different layers of theprotocol stack 38 with each other.

Cloud Computing Networks

FIG. 4 is a block diagram 60 illustrating an exemplary cloud computingnetwork 18. The cloud computing network 18 is also referred to as a“cloud communications network” 18. However, the present invention is notlimited to this cloud computing model and other cloud computing modelscan also be used to practice the invention. The exemplary cloudcommunications network includes both wired and/or wireless components ofpublic and private networks.

In one embodiment, the cloud computing network 18 includes a cloudcommunications network 18 comprising plural different cloud componentnetworks 72, 74, 76, 78. “Cloud computing” is a model for enabling,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., public and private networks, servers, storage,applications, and services) that are shared, rapidly provisioned andreleased with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

This exemplary cloud computing model for electronic informationretrieval promotes availability for shared resources and comprises: (1)cloud computing essential characteristics; (2) cloud computing servicemodels; and (3) cloud computing deployment models. However, the presentinvention is not limited to this cloud computing model and other cloudcomputing models can also be used to practice the invention.

Exemplary cloud computing essential characteristics appear in Table 1.However, the present invention is not limited to these essentialcharacteristics and more, fewer or other characteristics can also beused to practice the invention.

TABLE 1 1. On-demand 2D to 3D data modeling conversion services. 2D to3D data modeling converters can unilaterally provision computingcapabilities, such as server time and network storage, as neededautomatically without requiring human interaction with each networkserver on the cloud communications network 18. 2. Broadband networkaccess. 2D to 3D data modeling conversion capabilities are availableover plural broadband communications networks and accessed throughstandard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thickclient platforms (e.g., mobile phones, smart phones 14, tablet computers12, laptops, PDAs, etc.). The broadband network access includes highspeed network access such as 3G and/or 4G wireless and/or wired andbroadband and/or ultra-broad band (e.g., WiMAX, etc.) network access. 3.Resource pooling. 2D to 3D data modeling conversion computing resourcesare pooled to serve multiple requesters using a multi-tenant model, withdifferent physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned andreassigned according to electronic content retrieval demand. There islocation independence in that a requester of 2D to 3D data modelingconversion services has no control and/ or knowledge over the exactlocation of the provided by the 2D to 3D data modeling conversionresources but may be able to specify location at a higher level ofabstraction (e.g., country, state, or data center). Examples of pooledresources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth,virtual server network device and virtual target network devices. 4.Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion.For 2D to 3D data modeling converters, the 2D to 3D data modelingconversion capabilities available for provisioning appear to beunlimited and can be used in any quantity at any time. 5. MeasuredServices. Cloud computing systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of 2D to 3D data modeling conversionservice (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, custom electronic contentretrieval applications, etc.). Electronic 2D to 3D data modelingconversion usage is monitored, controlled, and reported providingtransparency for both the 2D to 3D data modeling conversion provider andthe 2D to 3D data modeling conversion requester of the utilizedelectronic content storage retrieval service.

Exemplary cloud computing service models illustrated in FIG. 4 appear inTable 2. However, the present invention is not limited to these servicemodels and more, fewer or other service models can also be used topractice the invention.

TABLE 2 1. Cloud Computing Software Applications 62 for a 2D to 3D datamodeling conversion Service (CCSA 64). The capability to use theprovider′s applications 30, 30′ running on a cloud infrastructure 66.The cloud computing applications 62, are accessible from the servernetwork device 20 from various client devices 12, 14, 16 through a thinclient interface such as a web browser, etc. The user does not manage orcontrol the underlying cloud infrastructure 66 including network,servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application 30,30′ capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specificapplication configuration settings. 2. Cloud Computing Infrastructure 66for a 2D to 3D data modeling conversion Service (CCI 68). The capabilityprovided to the user is to provision processing, storage and retrieval,networks 18, 72, 74, 76, 78 and other fundamental computing resourceswhere the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, whichcan include operating systems and applications 30, 30′. The user doesnot manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure 66 but hascontrol over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, andpossibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., hostfirewalls, etc.). 3. Cloud Computing Platform 70 for the a 2D to 3D datamodeling conversion Service (CCP 71). The capability provided to theuser to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure 66 created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supportedservers 20, 22, 24, 26, etc . . . The user not manage or control theunderlying cloud infrastructure 66 including network, servers, operatingsystems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications 30,30′ and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

Exemplary cloud computing deployment models appear in Table 3. However,the present invention is not limited to these deployment models andmore, fewer or other deployment models can also be used to practice theinvention.

TABLE 3 1. Private cloud network 72. The cloud network infrastructure isoperated solely for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion. It may be managedby the electronic content retrieval or a third party and may exist onpremise or off premise. 2. Community cloud network 74. The cloud networkinfrastructure is shared by several different organizations and supportsa specific electronic content storage and retrieval community that hasshared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy,compliance considerations, etc.). It may be managed by the differentorganizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.3. Public cloud network 76. The cloud network infrastructure such as theInternet, PSTN, SATV, CATV, Internet TV, etc. is made available to thegeneral public or a large industry group and is owned by one or moreorganizations selling cloud services. 4. Hybrid cloud network 78. Thecloud network infrastructure 66 is a composition of two and/or morecloud networks 18 (e.g., private 72, community 74, and/or public 76,etc.) and/or other types of public and/or private networks (e.g.,intranets, etc.) that remain unique entities but are bound together bystandardized or proprietary technology that enables data and applicationportability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds,etc.)

Cloud software 64 for electronic content retrieval takes full advantageof the cloud paradigm by being service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperabilityfor electronic content retrieval. However, cloud software services 64can include various states.

Cloud storage of desired electronic content on a cloud computing networkincludes agility, scalability, elasticity and multi-tenancy. Although astorage foundation may be comprised of block storage or file storagesuch as that exists on conventional networks, cloud storage is typicallyexposed to requesters of desired electronic content as cloud objects.

In one exemplary embodiment, the cloud application 30′, offers cloudservices for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion. The application 30, 30′offers the cloud computing Infrastructure 66, 68 as a Service 62 (IaaS),including a cloud software infrastructure service 62, the cloud Platform70, 71 as a Service 62 (PaaS) including a cloud software platformservice 62 and/or offers Specific cloud software services as a Service62 (SaaS) including a specific cloud software service 62 for 2D to 3Ddata modeling conversion. The IaaS, PaaS and SaaS include one or more ofcloud services 62 comprising networking, storage, server network device,virtualization, operating system, middleware, run-time, data and/orapplication services, or plural combinations thereof, on the cloudcommunications network 18.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram 80 illustrating an exemplary cloud storageobject 82.

The cloud storage object 82 includes an envelope portion 84, with aheader portion 86, and a body portion 88. However, the present inventionis not limited to such a cloud storage object 82 and other cloud storageobjects and other cloud storage objects with more, fewer or otherportions can also be used to practice the invention.

The envelope portion 84 uses unique namespace Uniform ResourceIdentifiers (URIs) and/or Uniform Resource Names (URNs), and/or UniformResource Locators (URLs) unique across the cloud communications network18 to uniquely specify, location and version information and encodingrules used by the cloud storage object 82 across the whole cloudcommunications network 18. For more information, see IETF RFC-3305,Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names(URNs), the contents of which are incorporated by reference.

The envelope portion 84 of the cloud storage object 82 is followed by aheader portion 86. The header portion 86 includes extended informationabout the cloud storage objects such as authorization and/or transactioninformation, etc.

The body portion 88 includes methods 90 (i.e., a sequence ofinstructions, etc.) for using embedded application-specific data in dataelements 92. The body portion 88 typically includes only one portion ofplural portions of application-specific data 92 and independent data 94so the cloud storage object 82 can provide distributed, redundant faulttolerant, security and privacy features described herein.

Cloud storage objects 82 have proven experimentally to be a highlyscalable, available and reliable layer of abstraction that alsominimizes the limitations of common file systems. Cloud storage objects82 also provide low latency and low storage and transmission costs.

Cloud storage objects 82 are comprised of many distributed resources,but function as a single storage object, are highly fault tolerantthrough redundancy and provide distribution of desired electroniccontent across public communication networks 76, and one or more privatenetworks 72, community networks 74 and hybrid networks 78 of the cloudcommunications network 18. Cloud storage objects 82 are also highlydurable because of creation of copies of portions of desired electroniccontent across such networks 72, 74, 76, 78 of the cloud communicationsnetwork 18. Cloud storage objects 82 includes one or more portions ofdesired electronic content and can be stored on any of the 72, 74, 76,78 networks of the cloud communications network 18. Cloud storageobjects 82 are transparent to a requester of desired electronic contentand are managed by cloud applications 30, 30′.

In one embodiment, cloud storage objects 82 are configurable arbitraryobjects with a size up to hundreds of terabytes, each accompanied bywith a few kilobytes of metadata. Cloud objects are organized into andidentified by a unique identifier unique across the whole cloudcommunications network 18. However, the present invention is not limitedto the cloud storage objects described, and more fewer and other typesof cloud storage objects can be used to practice the invention.

Cloud storage objects 82 present a single unified namespace orobject-space and manages desired electronic content by user oradministrator-defined policies storage and retrieval policies. Cloudstorage objects includes Representational state transfer (REST), SimpleObject Access Protocol (SOAP), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol(LDAP) and/or Application Programming Interface (API) objects and/orother types of cloud storage objects. However, the present invention isnot limited to the cloud storage objects described, and more fewer andother types of cloud storage objects can be used to practice theinvention.

REST is a protocol specification that characterizes and constrainsmacro-interactions storage objects of the four components of a cloudcommunications network 18, namely origin servers, gateways, proxies andclients, without imposing limitations on the individual participants.

SOAP is a protocol specification for exchanging structured informationin the implementation of cloud services with storage objects. SOAP hasat least three major characteristics: (1) Extensibility (includingsecurity/encryption, routing, etc.); (2) Neutrality (SOAP can be usedover any transport protocol such as HTTP, SMTP or even TCP, etc.), and(3) Independence (SOAP allows for almost any programming model to beused, etc.)

LDAP is a software protocol for enabling storage and retrieval ofelectronic content and other resources such as files and devices on thecloud communications network 18. LDAP is a “lightweight” version ofDirectory Access Protocol (DAP), which is part of X.500, a standard fordirectory services in a network. LDAP may be used with X.509 securityand other security methods for secure storage and retrieval. X.509 ispublic key digital certificate standard developed as part of the X.500directory specification. X.509 is used for secure management anddistribution of digitally signed certificates across networks.

An API is a particular set of rules and specifications that softwareprograms can follow to communicate with each other. It serves as aninterface between different software programs and facilitates theirinteraction.

Bar Codes

A “barcode” is an optical machine-readable representation of data, whichshows data about the object to which it attaches. Originally, barcodesrepresented data by varying the widths and spacing of parallel lines,and may be referred to as linear or 1 dimensional (1D). Later theyevolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in2 dimensions (2D). Although 2D systems use a variety of symbols, theyare generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes originally werescanned by special—optical scanners called barcode readers, scanners andinterpretive software are available on devices including desktopprinters (not illustrated) and smart phones 14 and tablet computers 12.

Table 4 illustrates exemplary linear barcodes, the standards of all ofwhich are incorporated by reference. However, the present invention isnot limited to the exemplary linear barcodes listed in Table 4, and morefewer and other linear barcodes can also be used to practice theinvention.

TABLE 4 Linear Bar Codes U.P.C. Codabar Code 25 - Non-interleaved 2 of 5Code 25 - Interleaved 2 of 5 Code 39 Code 93 Code 128 Code 128A Code128B Code 128C Code 11 CPC Binary DUN 14 EAN 2 EAN 5 EAN 8, EAN 13Facing Identification Mark GS1-128 (formerly known as UCC/EAN-128),incorrectly referenced as EAN 128 and UCC 128 GS1 DataBar, formerlyReduced Space Symbology (RSS) HIBC (HIBCC Health Industry Bar Code)ITF-14 Latent image barcode Pharmacode Plessey PLANET POSTNETIntelligent Mail barcode MSI PostBar RM4SCC/KIX JAN Telepen

Table 5 illustrates exemplary matrix (2D) barcodes, the standards of allof which are incorporated by reference. However, the present inventionis not limited to the exemplary matrix barcodes listed in Table 5, andadditional and other matrix barcodes can also be used to practice theinvention.

TABLE 5 Matrix Bar Codes 3-DI ArrayTag Aztec Code Small Aztec CodeChromatic Alphabet Codablock Code 1 Code 16K Code 49 ColorCode CompactMatrix Code CP Code CyberCode d-touch DataGlyphs Datamatrix DatastripCode Dot Code A EZcode Grid Matrix Code High Capacity Color BarcodeHueCode INTACTA.CODE InterCode JAGTAG Lorem ipsum MaxiCode mCodeMiniCode MicroPDF417 MMCC Nintendo e-Reader#Dot code Optar PaperDiskPDF417 PDMark QR Code QuickMark Code SmartCode Snowflake Code ShotCodeSPARQCode SuperCod Trillcode UltraCode UnisCode VeriCode, VSCodeWaterCode

In one specific embodiment, the application 30, 30′ interacts with a barcode reader application for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion. However,the present invention is not limited to a bar code reader applicationand other applications can also be used to practice the invention.

In one specific exemplary embodiment, a QR bar code is used for 2D to 3Ddata modeling conversion. However, the present invention is not limitedto QR codes and other types of bar codes can also be used to practicethe invention

FIG. 6 is a block diagram 96 illustrating display of an exemplary QR barcode 98. The QR bar code 98 in FIG. 6 is a valid QR bar code generatedand including the text “This is a QR for a blue window 60 inches by 30inches.”

A “QR Code” is a specific matrix barcode (or two-dimensional code),readable by dedicated QR barcode readers and camera phones. The codeconsists of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a whitebackground. The information encoded can be text, URL or other data. QRcodes are defined in ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology—Automaticidentification and data capture techniques—QR Code 2005 bar codesymbology specification, 1 Sep. 2006, the contents of which areincorporated by reference.

Users with a camera equipped smart phone 14 (or tablet computer 12,etc.) with a the camera component 100, a bar code reader applicationappropriate for the bar code processes the digital image of the QR Codecan include the QR Code 98. The camera component 100 is used to captureexisting QR codes from print and electronic documents 102 and othersources (e.g., from other network devices, etc.)

QR codes 98 are also used to display text, contact information, connectto a wireless network, open a web page in the phone's browser, downloadmusic, communicate a social event or coupon, or initiate acommunications event over the cloud communications network 18 (e.g.,voice call, data call, etc.) This act of linking from physical worldobjects is known as a “hardlink” or “physical world hyperlinks.”

For example, Google's smart phone Android operating system supports theuse of QR codes by natively including the barcode scanner (e.g., Zxing,etc.) on some models, and the browser supports Uniform ResourceIdentifier (URI) redirection, which allows QR Codes to send metadata toexisting applications on the device. Nokia's Symbian operating system isalso provided with a barcode scanner, which is able to read QR codes,while mbarcode is a QR code reader for the Maemo operating system. Inthe Apple iOS, a QR code reader is not natively included, but hundredsof free applications available with reader and metadata browser URIredirection capability. However, the present invention is not limited tothese network device operating systems and other bar code readers anddevice operating systems can also be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, a user may scan a number of QR bar codes 98 fromnon-electronic information such as magazines, business cards,billboards, other non-electronic advertising, etc. A user may also scana number of QR bar codes 98 from electronic advertising such fromweb-sites, other target network devices 12, 14, 16, from e-mails, textmessages, instant messages, etc.

Wearable Devices

Wearable technology” and/or “wearable devices” are clothing andaccessories incorporating computer and advanced electronic technologies.Wearable network devices provide several advantages including, but notlimited to: (1) Quicker access to notifications. Important and/orsummary notifications are sent to alert a user to view the wholemessage. (2) Heads-up information. Digital eye wear allows users todisplay relevant information like directions without having toconstantly glance down; (3) Always-on Searches. Wearable devices providealways-on, hands-free searches; and (4) Recorded data and feedback.Wearable devices take telemetric data recordings and providing usefulfeedback for users for exercise, health, fitness, etc. activities.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram with 104 illustrating wearable devices. Thewearable devices include one or more processors and include, but are notlimited to, wearable digital glasses 106, clothing 108 (e.g., smart ties108′, etc.), jewelry 110 (e.g., smart rings, smart earrings, etc.)and/or watches 112. The wearable devices are also wearable by animals(e.g., service dogs, pets, show animals, circus animals, etc.). However,the present invention is not limited to such embodiments and more, fewerand other types of wearable devices can also be used to practice theinvention.

In one specific embodiment, the application 30, 30′ interacts withwearable devices 106-112 for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion withMethods 114 and/or 136, etc. However, the present invention is notlimited to a bar code reader application and other applications can alsobe used to practice the invention.

Creating Three Dimensional (3D) Objects from Two Dimensional (2D) Datafor Building Information Modeling (BIM)

FIGS. 8A and 8B are a flow diagram illustrating a Method 114 forcreating three dimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data.In FIG. 8A at Step 116, a first server application on a first servernetwork device with one or more processors receives two-dimensional (2D)electronic data for a specific type of three-dimensional (3D) modelingobject for a selected type of 3D modeling program on a targetapplication on target network device with one or more processors via acommunications network. At Step 118, the first server applicationselects a blank generic 3D object model template for the specific typeof 3D modeling object included in received 2D electronic data. At Step120, the first server application creates a preliminary specific 3Dobject model in the selected blank generic 3D object model template in aselected mark-up language with the received 2D electronic data. At Step122, the first server application converts the created preliminary 3Dobject model in the selected mark-up language to a first data format ina first data file. At Step 124, the first server application sends to alibrary application on the server network device the first data file anda final type of 3D modeling object format for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program. At Step 126, the library application converts thecreated preliminary 3D object model into a final type of 3D modelingobject for the selected type of 3D modeling program. At Step 128, thelibrary application on the server network device sends to the targetapplication on the target network device via the communications networkthe final type of 3D model object for the selected type of 3D modelingprogram in a second data format in a second data file.

Method 114 is illustrated with an exemplary embodiment. However, thepresent invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment, and otherembodiments can also be used to practice the invention.

In such an exemplary embodiment in FIG. 8A at Step 116, a first serverapplication 30′ on a first server network device 24 with one or moreprocessors receives two-dimensional (2D) electronic data 13, 15 for aspecific type of three-dimensional (3D) modeling object for a selectedtype of 3D modeling program on a target application 30 on target networkdevice 12, 14, 16 with one or more processors via a communicationsnetwork 18.

In one embodiment, the two-dimensional (2D) electronic data includesHyper Text Markup Language (HTML) data and/or QR bar code 98 data and/orRFID tag 99 data (FIG. 6). In another embodiment, the 2D electronic datamay include an object specification file such as PDF file, text file orother file for any product from any manufacturer. In another embodimentthe 2D electronic data includes information for new and/or non-existingproducts that may be produced or manufactured. In another embodiment the2D electronic data virtual products that will only be used in asimulation model. In another embodiment, the 2D electronic data mayinclude product information from a web-page on an e-commerce site, etc.However, the present invention is not limited to such and embodiment andother types of 2D electronic data can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment the selected type of 3D modeling program includes aBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) modeling program. In one specificembodiment, the BIM modeling program includes an AUTODESK REVIT programand/or an AUTOCAD and/or a VECTORWORKS program. However, the presentinvention is not limited to such an embodiment and other 3D modelingprograms can be used to practice the invention.

At Step 118, the first server application 30′ selects a blank generic 3Dobject model template for the specific type of 3D modeling objectincluded in received 2D electronic data 13, 15.

In one embodiment, the blank generic 3D object model template is atemplate for a specific type of 3D modeling object used by architects,builders, engineers, interior designer, scientists, etc. For examples,the generic 3D object template used by an architect, builder, etc. maybe a for door, window, beam, truss, etc. The specific type of 3D objectmay be a pre-hung door eight feet high, three feet wide, solid core,made of maple wood, stained light brown in color, etc. The generic typeof 3D object templates used by engineers may be pipeline components,components of automobiles, trucks, boats, electronic device components,components for multi-layered boards, etc. The generic type of 3D objecttemplates used by interior designers may be furniture, wall hangings,works of art, statutes, etc. However, the present invention is notlimited to such embodiments and other blank generic 3D object templatescan be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the blank generic 3D object templates are used todynamically create a final specific type of 3D object. This offersseveral advantages over the prior art in which hundreds to thousands offinal specific types of 3D objects are created and stored in libraries.For example, if a user desired a 3D model of a pre-hung door eight feethigh, three feet wide, solid core, made of maple wood, stained lightbrown in color, such a 3D model could be created. If the dimensions orthe stain color, etc. of the door were changed, additional 3D modelswould be created and stored in the library.

In direct contrast, in the present invention, since blank generic 3Dobject templates are used, anytime received 2D electronic data ischanged, a new final specific type of 3D object is dynamically generatedand used. Such an embodiment only requires a small number (e.g., about50-60, etc.) blank generic 3D object templates (e.g., door, window,beam, desk, chair, etc.). Such an embodiment requires less data storage,requires less processing power and an provides ultimate flexibility as anew final specific type of 3D object can be generated for virtually anytype of 2D electronic data.

In one embodiment, the new final specific type of 3D object modelscreated from the blank generic 3D object templates can be stored in adatabase or other non-volatile storage for re-use. In one embodiment,such new final specific type of 3D object models required less storagespace than other types of native 3D object models used for the specifictype of modeling program. However, the present invention is not limitedto such embodiments and other embodiments that do not store the newfinal specific type of 3D object models can be used to practice theinvention.

In one embodiment, the 2D electronic information further includesphysical location information including, but not limited to, GlobalPositioning System (GPS) information, street address information,two-dimensional (2D) geo-space (e.g., X, Y) (e.g., building, floor),three-dimensional (3D) (X, Y, Z) (e.g., building, floor, floor location(e.g., room, office, desk, etc.)) or other physical location information(e.g., longitude, latitude, street address, etc.). However, the presentinvention is not limited to such physical location information and otherphysical location information can be used to practice the invention.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigationsatellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and timeinformation in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near theEarth. A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timingsignals sent by GPS satellites. A GPS receiver uses the messages itreceives to determine a transit time of each message and computes adistance to each GPS satellite. These distances along with thesatellites' locations are used with the possible aid of triangulation,depending on which algorithm is used, to compute a current physicalposition of the GPS receiver. This position is then displayed, perhapswith a moving map display (e.g., at a street level, etc.) and/orlatitude and longitude and/or elevation and/or speed and/or accelerationinformation may also be included. Many GPS units also show derivedinformation such as travel direction and speed, calculated from positionchanges. The GPS coordinates include standard GPS, GPS map, Digital GPS(DGPS) and/or other types of GPS information.

Returning to FIG. 8A at Step 120, the first server application 30′creates a preliminary specific 3D object model in the selected blankgeneric 3D object template in a selected mark-up language with thereceived 2D electronic data. In one exemplary embodiment, the XMLmark-up language is used. However, the present invention is not limitedto such an embodiment and other mark-up and/or other non-mark-uplanguages can be used to practice the invention. In such an embodiment,XML is used to create an XML schema that specifically layouts thereceived 2D electronic data into a specific data format that is used bythe library application.

An “XML schema” is a description of a type of XML document, typicallyexpressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content ofdocuments of that type, above and beyond the basic syntacticalconstraints imposed by XML itself. These constraints are generallyexpressed using some combination of grammatical rules governing theorder of elements, Boolean predicates that the content must satisfy,data types governing the content of elements and attributes, and morespecialized rules such as uniqueness and referential integrityconstraints.

There are languages developed specifically to express XML schemas. TheDocument Type Definition (DTD) language, which is native to the XMLspecification, is a schema language that is of relatively limitedcapability, but that also has other uses in XML aside from theexpression of schemas.

At Step 122, the first server application 30′ converts the createdpreliminary 3D object in the XML schema to a text data format in a datafile with a .TXT extension. A text file is a kind of data file that isstructured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file existswithin a file system on a network device. “Text file” refers to a typeof container, while “plain text” refers to a type of content. Text filescan contain plain text, but they are not limited to such. At a genericlevel of description, there are two kinds of computer files: text filesand binary files.

Text files are used to avoid some of the problems encountered with otherfile formats, such as endianness (i.e., byte ordering), padding bytes,or differences in the number of bytes in a machine word. Further, whendata corruption occurs in a text file, it is often easier to recover andcontinue processing the remaining contents. When opened by a texteditor, human-readable content is presented to the user with text.

In one embodiment, text files are used to allow the 3D models to behuman-readable. However, the present invention is not limited to suchembodiments and other types of human-readable and/or machine readablefile formats and file types can be used to practice the invention. Suchtext files are also required by many 3D modeling programs (e.g.,AUTODESK REVIT, AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS, MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.).

In another embodiment, the At Step 122, the first server application 30′converts the created preliminary 3D object in the XML schema to a textdata format in a data file with a .DOC, .RTF and/or .PDF extension.

A Document (DOC) file is created in a version of MICROSOFT WORD'sprocessing application prior to MICROSOFT OFFICE. A .DOC files use a.DOC extension and differ from text files (.TXT extension) because theycontain proprietary codes that must be opened in WORD or software thatreads the WORD. format.

A Rich Text Format (RTF) file is standard formalized by MICROSOFTCorporation for specifying formatting of documents. RTF files areactually ASCII files with special commands to indicate formattinginformation, such as fonts and margins.

A Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format standardized by ADOBESYSTEMS that is used to represent documents in a manner independent ofapplication software, hardware, and operating system. Each PDF fileencapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document,including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed todisplay it.

However, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments andother files types, layouts and file extensions can be used to practicethe invention.

In FIG. 8B at Step 124, the first server application 30′ sends to alibrary application 31 on the server network device 24 the text file anda final type of 3D modeling object format for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT, AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS,MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.).

In one embodiment, the library application is a Dynamic Link Library(DLL) application. However, the present invention is not limited to suchan embodiment and other types of library applications can be used topractice the invention.

A Dynamic-link library (DLL), is Microsoft's implementation of theshared library concept in the MICROSOFT WINDOWS and OS/2 operatingsystems. These libraries usually have the file extension .DLL, .OCX (forlibraries containing ActiveX controls), or .DRV (for legacy systemdrivers). The file formats for DLLs are the same as for WINDOWS EXEfiles—that is, Portable Executable (PE) for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows,and New Executable (NE) for 16-bit WINDOWS. As with EXEs, DLLs cancontain code, data, and resources, in any combination.

Data files with the same file format as a DLL, but with different fileextensions and possibly containing only resource sections, can be calledresource DLLs. Examples of such DLLs include icon libraries, sometimeshaving the extension .ICL, and font files, having the extensions .FONand .FOT.

In another embodiment, the library application 31 includes DynamicLibrary Loading (DLL). This is a mechanism by which a computer programcan, at run time, dynamically load a library (or other binary) intomemory, retrieve the addresses of functions and variables contained inthe library, execute those functions or access those variables, andunload the library from memory. Unlike static linking and loadtimelinking, this mechanism allows a computer program to startup in theabsence of these libraries, to discover available libraries, and topotentially gain additional functionality. However, the presentinvention is not limited to such an embodiment and other types oflibrary applications can be used to practice the invention.

At Step 126, library application 31 converts the created preliminary 3Dobject model into a final type of 3D modeling object 13′, 15′ for theselected type of 3D modeling program (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT, AUTOCAD,VECTORWORKS, MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.).

In one embodiment, it creates a four dimensional (4D) or higherdimensional modeling object. However, the present invention is notlimited to this embodiment and other embodiments may be used to practicethe invention.

A 4D BIM is a term widely used in the CAD industry, refers to theintelligent linking of individual 3D CAD components or assemblies withtime or schedule-related information. The use of the term 4D is intendedto refer to the fourth dimension: time (i.e., 4D is 3D+schedule (time)).

The construction of the 4D models enables the various participants(e.g., from architects, designers, contractors to owners) of aconstruction project, to visualize the entire duration of a series ofevents and display the progress of construction activities through thelifetime of the project. This BIM-centric approach towards projectmanagement technique has a very high potential to improve the projectmanagement and delivery of construction project, of any size orcomplexity.

A 5D BIM is also term widely used in the CAD industry, which refers tothe intelligent linking of individual 3D CAD components or assemblieswith schedule (time, 4D) constraint and cost-related information (5D).The use of the term 5D is intended to refer to the addition of 4D: timeand 5D: cost to the 3D model (i.e., 5D is 3D+schedule (4D time)+cost).

The construction of the 5D models enables the various participants(e.g., from architects, designers, contractors to owners) of anyconstruction project, to visualize the progress of constructionactivities and its related costs over time.

AUTODESK REVIT, is Building Information Modeling (BIM) software forarchitects, structural engineers, MEP engineers, designers andcontractors. It allows users to design a building and structure and itscomponents in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements andaccess building information from the building models database. REVIT is4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in thebuilding's lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition.

AUTOCAD is a software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design(CAD) and drafting. It has been available since 1982 as a desktopapplication and since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based application,currently marketed as AUTOCAD 360.

VECTORWORKS is a computer-aided design (CAD) and Building InformationModeling (BIM) software program developed by Nemetschek. VECTORWORKSthat is used for drafting, technical drawing and 3D modeling.VECTORWORKS offers 2D, 3D, production management, and presentationcapabilities for all phases of the design process.

MICROSTATION is a CAD software product for 2- and 3-dimensional designand drafting, developed and sold by BENTLEY SYSTEMS. The latest versionsof the software are released solely for MICROSOFT WINDOWS operatingsystems, but historically MICROSTATION was available for APPLE MACINTOSHplatforms and a number of UNIX-like operating systems. MICROSTATION isthe platform architectural and engineering software package developed byBENTLEY SYSTEMS, Incorporated. Among a number of things, it generates2D/3D vector graphic objects and elements.

ARCHICAD is an architectural BIM CAD software for APPLE MACINTOSH andMicrosoft Windows developed by the Hungarian company GRAPHISOFT.ARCHICAD offers specialized solutions for handling all common aspects ofaesthetics and engineering during the whole design process of the builtenvironment—buildings, interiors, urban areas, etc.

Development of ARCHICAD started in 1982 for the original APPLEMACINTOSH. ARCHICAD is recognized as the first CAD product on a personalcomputer able to create both 2D drawings and parametric 3Dgeometry.^([1]) In its debut in 1987 ARCHICAD also became the firstimplementation of BIM under GRAPHISOFT's “Virtual Building” concept.

SOLIDWORKS is a 3D mechanical CAD program that runs on MICROSOFT WINDOWSand is developed by DASSAULT SYSTÈMES SOLIDWORKS CORP., a subsidiary ofDASSAULT SYSTEMES, S. A. (Vélizy, France).

TC CREO, formerly known as PRO/ENGINEER or PRO/E is a parametric,integrated 3D CAD/CAM/CAE solution created by PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGYCORPORATION (PTC). It was the first to market with parametric,feature-based, associative solid modeling software. The application runson MICROSOFT WINDOWS platform, and provides solid modeling, assemblymodeling and drafting, finite element analysis, Direct and Parametricmodeling, Sub-divisional and nurbs surfacing and NC and toolingfunctionality for mechanical engineers.

At Step 128, library application 31 on the server network device 24sends to the target application 30 on the target network device 12, 14,16 via the communications network 18 the final type of 3D model object13′, 15′ for the selected type of 3D modeling program (e.g., AUTODESKREVIT, AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS etc.) in a second data format in a seconddata file.

In such an embodiment, the second data format and the second data filesinclude an AUTODESK REVIT 3D modeling object in an AUTODESK REVITformatted file with a .RFA file extension and/or .RVT file extensionand/or an AUTOCAD 3D modeling object in an AUTOCAD formatted file with a.DWG file extension.

In another embodiment, the second data format and the second data filesinclude files used by VECTORWORKS, MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, SOLIDWORKSand PROE programs.

In another embodiment, the second data format and the second data filesincludes text and document files with a .TXT, .DOC, .RTF and/or a .PDFextensions. Such second data files may also include product data sheetsand other types of informational files.

However, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments andother 3D/4D/5D modeling objects and file formats can be used to practicethe invention.

An AUTODESK REVIT Family File is stored in an RFA format and is affixedwith a .RFA extension. These RFA files are generally classified as datafiles that include one or more 3D models that can be imported into athree dimensional scene and were created and saved using the RevitFamily Editor. RFA files contain BIM (Building Information Modeling)data and require Autodesk Revit software. These files are also known asan AUTODESK REVIT file. The AUTODESK REVIT software is used byarchitects and engineers to design and model. The REVIT model is basedon a compilation of items called “families.” The compiled items refer tothe parametric objects such as 3D building objects and two dimensionaldrafting objects.

RVT file formatted files with a .RVT extension are data files primarilyassociated with VERSAPRO Reference View Table. RVT files are alsoassociated with AUTODESK REVIT Design Setup File, INCITE Media AssistantFile, IEX Workforce Management Report, APACHE RIVET Tcl File andFILEVIEWPRO.

DWG file formatted files (DraWinG) with a .DWG extension are a binaryfile format used for storing two and three dimensional design data andmetadata. It is the native format for several CAD packages includingDRAFTSIGHT, AUTOCAD, INTELLICAD (and its variants) and CADDIE. Inaddition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications.The .BAK (drawing backup), .DWS (drawing standards), .DWT (drawingtemplate) and .SV$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files.

MCD and/or VWX formatted files with a .MCD and/or a .VWX extension arefile formats used for storing two and three dimensional design data andmetadata for VECTORWORKS.

In addition, using the present invention two or more companies willfacilitate work process interoperability between their applicationsthrough supporting the reciprocal use of available ApplicationProgramming Interfaces (APIs) and the new 3D models created herein.

In one embodiment, the final type of 3D model object 13′, 15′ for theselected type of 3D modeling program is automatically installed in thetarget network device. In another embodiment, the final type of 3D modelobject 13′, 15′ for the selected type of 3D modeling program is manuallyinstalled on the target network device. However, the present inventionis not limited to such embodiments, and other embodiments can be used topractice the invention.

In one embodiment at Step 128, the final type of 3D model object 13′,15′ for the selected type of 3D modeling program is sent to anotherserver network device (e.g., 22, etc.) via the communications networkinstead of back to the target network device 12, 14, 16. In such anembodiment a user may request a new 3D model of an object and the new 3Dmodel may then be sent to and installed on a company system of the userto be used and re-used by other persons in the company. However, thepresent invention is not limited to such embodiments, and otherembodiments can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, Step 128 further includes sending the text file thatwas created at Step 124 as some existing 3D modeling programs canutilize the text file created. However, the present invention is notlimited to such embodiments, and other embodiments can be used topractice the invention.

In another embodiment, Step 128 further includes sending additional textfiles, .DOC files, .RTF files and/or .PDF files specifically created toinclude additional 3D or higher dimensional modeling information and/orproduct and/or project information. However, the present invention isnot limited to such embodiments, and other embodiments can be used topractice the invention.

In one embodiment, Method 114 is used to model every item used inbuilding a structure or vehicle from the fasteners (e.g., nails, screws,bolts, etc.) to the paint, to the structural components etc.

In one embodiment, Method 114 is used to provide seamless extensions andadditions to existing 3D modeling programs (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT,AUTOCAD, etc.) that are very useful to users of such programs.

In one embodiment, Method 114 is used to create new 2D and/or 3D and/or4D and/or 5D model objects from received 2D data. In such an embodiment,the steps of Method 114 are practiced with blank generic 2D object modeltemplates and/or blank generic 4D object model templates. In suchembodiments, the final type of 2D and/or 4D and/or 5D model object forthe selected type of 3D modeling program is returned to the targetnetwork device.

However, the present invention is not limited to 2D, 3D 4D and/or 5Dmodel objects and higher dimension model objects can also be used topractice the invention.

However, the present invention is not limited to such embodiments, andother embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

In one exemplary embodiment, Method 114 further includes the stepsillustrated in FIG. 9 130. However, the present invention is not limitedto these additional steps and the invention can be practiced with and/orwithout the additional steps in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a Method 130 for creating threedimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data.

In FIG. 9 at Step 132, the library application 31 on the server networkdevice 24 sends the final type of 3D object model 13′ via thecommunications network 18 to a manufacturing application 33 onmanufacturing server network device 26 with one or more processors viathe communications network 18. The manufacturing server network deviceincludes a robot 41, 3D printer 37, or manufacturing machine 35. At Step134, automatically manufacturing from manufacturing server networkdevice 26, an actual physical 3D object 37 (e.g., door 39, FIG. 1, etc.)from the final type of 3D object model 13′, 15′.\

Creating Three Dimensional (3D) Objects from Two Dimensional (2D) Datafor Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Cloud Computing

The present invention also provides the creation of 3D modeling objects13,′ 15′ on a cloud communications network 18.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are a flow diagram illustrating a Method 136 creatingthree dimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data with cloudcomputing. In FIG. 10A at Step 138, a cloud server application on cloudnetwork device with one or more processors receives two-dimensional (2D)electronic data for a specific type of three-dimensional (3D) object fora selected type of 3D modeling program on a target application on targetnetwork device with one or more processors via a cloud communicationsnetwork comprising one or more public communication networks, one ormore private networks, one or more community networks and one or morehybrid networks. At Step 140, the cloud server application stores thereceived 2D electronic data into a first cloud storage object. At Step142, the cloud server application selects a blank generic 3D objecttemplate for the specific type of 3D object included in received 2Delectronic data. At Step 144, the cloud server application creates apreliminary specific 3D object in the selected blank generic 3D objecttemplate in a selected mark-up language with the received 2D electronicdata stored in the first cloud storage object. In FIG. 10B at Step 146,the cloud server application converts the created preliminary 3D objectin the selected mark-up language to a first data format in a first datafile. At Step 148, the cloud server application sends to a libraryapplication on the server network device the first data file and a finaltype of 3D object format for the selected type of 3D modeling program.At Step 150, the library application converts the created preliminary 3Dobject into a final type of 3D object for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program. At Step 152, the library application on the servernetwork device sends to the target application on the target networkdevice via the cloud communications network the final type of 3D objectfor the selected type of 3D modeling program in a second data format ina second data file stored in a second cloud storage object.

Method 136 is illustrated with an exemplary embodiment. However, thepresent invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment, and otherembodiments can also be used to practice the invention.

In such an exemplary embodiment in FIG. 10A at Step 138, a cloud serverapplication 30′ on cloud network device 24 with one or more processors,receives two-dimensional (2D) electronic data 13, 15 for a specific typeof three-dimensional (3D) object for a selected type of 3D modelingprogram from a target application 30 on target network device 12, 14, 16with one or more processors via a cloud communications 18 networkcomprising one or more public communication networks 76, one or moreprivate networks 72, one or more community networks 74 and one or morehybrid networks 78.

At Step 140, the cloud server application 30′ stores the received 2Delectronic data into a first cloud storage object 82.

At Step 142, the cloud server application 30′ selects a blank generic 3Dobject template for the specific type of 3D object included in received2D electronic data.

At Step 144, the cloud server application 30′ creates a preliminaryspecific 3D object in the selected blank generic 3D object template in aselected mark-up language (e.g., XML, etc.) with the received 2Delectronic data stored in the first cloud storage object 82.

FIG. 10B at Step 146, the cloud server application 30′ converts thecreated preliminary 3D object in the selected mark-up language to afirst data format in a first data file (e.g., a text data file, etc.).

At Step 148, the cloud server application 30′ sends to a libraryapplication 31 on the server network device 24 the first data file and afinal type of 3D object format for the selected type of 3D modelingprogram.

At Step 150, the library application 31 converts the created preliminary3D object into a final type of 3D modeling object 13′, 15′ for theselected type of 3D modeling program.

At Step 152, the library application 31 on the server network device 24sends to the target application 30′ on the target network device12,14,16 via the cloud communications network 18 the final type of 3Dobject for the selected type of 3D modeling program in a second dataformat in a second data file stored in a second cloud storage object 82.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a data flow 154 for Method 114of FIG. 8.

The methods and system described herein creates three dimensional (3D)models from two dimensional (2D) data for building information modeling(BIM) and for other types of modeling. The method and system allow new,2D, 3D and higher dimensional models to be created for existing 3Dmodeling programs (e.g., AUTODESK REVIT, AUTOCAD, VECTORWORKS,MICROSTATION, ARCHICAD, etc.). The new models are used to enhance andextend existing 3D modeling programs. The new models can also be used todirectly create physical objects (e.g., windows, doors, etc.)represented by the new models with robots, 3D printers and manufacturingmachines.

It should be understood that the architecture, programs, processes,methods and It should be understood that the architecture, programs,processes, methods and systems described herein are not related orlimited to any particular type of computer or network system (hardwareor software), unless indicated otherwise. Various types of generalpurpose or specialized computer systems may be used with or performoperations in accordance with the teachings described herein.

In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles ofthe present invention can be applied, it should be understood that theillustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps ofthe flow diagrams may be taken in sequences other than those described,and more or fewer elements may be used in the block diagrams.

While various elements of the preferred embodiments have been describedas being implemented in software, in other embodiments hardware orfirmware implementations may alternatively be used, and vice-versa.

The claims should not be read as limited to the described order orelements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the term“means” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph 6,and any claim without the word “means” is not so intended.

Therefore, all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of thefollowing claims and equivalents thereto are claimed as the invention.

We claim:
 1. A method for creating three-dimensional (3D) objects fromtwo dimensional (2D) data, comprising: receiving on a first serverapplication on a first server network device with one or moreprocessors, two-dimensional (2D) electronic data for a specific type ofthree-dimensional (3D) object model for a selected type of 3D modelingprogram on a target application on target network device with one ormore processors via a communications network; selecting from the firstserver application a blank generic 3D object template for the specifictype of 3D object model included in received 2D electronic data;creating on the first server application a preliminary specific 3Dobject model in the selected blank generic 3D object model template in aselected mark-up language with the received 2D electronic data;converting on the first server application the created preliminary 3Dobject model in the selected mark-up language to a first data format ina first data file; sending from the first server application to alibrary application on the server network device the first data file anda final type of 3D object model format for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program; converting from the library application the createdpreliminary 3D object model into a final type of 3D object model for theselected type of 3D modeling program; and sending from the libraryapplication on the server network device to the target application onthe target network device via the communications network the final typeof 3D object model for the selected type of 3D modeling program in asecond data format in a second data file.
 2. A non-transitory computerreadable medium having stored therein a plurality of instructions forcausing one more processors on one more network devices connected to acommunications network to execute the steps of: receiving on a firstserver application on a first server network device with one or moreprocessors, two-dimensional (2D) electronic data for a specific type ofthree-dimensional (3D) object model for a selected type of 3D modelingprogram on a target application on target network device with one ormore processors via a communications network; selecting from the firstserver application a blank generic 3D object template for the specifictype of 3D object model included in received 2D electronic data;creating on the first server application a preliminary specific 3Dobject model in the selected blank generic 3D object model template in aselected mark-up language with the received 2D electronic data;converting on the first server application the created preliminary 3Dobject model in the selected mark-up language to a first data format ina first data file; sending from the first server application to alibrary application on the server network device the first data file anda final type of 3D object model format for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program; converting from the library application the createdpreliminary 3D object model into a final type of 3D object model for theselected type of 3D modeling program; and sending from the libraryapplication on the server network device to the target application onthe target network device via the communications network the final typeof 3D object model for the selected type of 3D modeling program in asecond data format in a second data file.
 3. The method of claim 1wherein the two-dimensional (2D) electronic data includes Hyper TextMarkup Language (HTML) data, QR bar code data or Radio FrequencyIDentifier (RFID) data.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the selectedtype of 3D modeling program includes a Building Information Modeling(BIM) modeling program.
 5. The method of claim 4 where the BIM modelingprogram includes an AUTODESK REVIT program, an AUTOCAD program, aVECTORWORKS, a MICROSTATION program, or an ARCHICAD program.
 6. Themethod of claim 5 wherein the final type of 3D object includes anAUTODESK REVIT 3D modeling object, an AUTOCAD 3D modeling object, aVECTORWORKS 3D modeling object a MICROSTATION 3D modeling object or anARCHICAD 3D modeling object.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the firstmarkup language includes eXtensible Markup Language (XML) schema.
 8. Themethod of Claim 1 wherein the first data file format includes a textfile format or a document file format and wherein the second data fileformat includes a 3D or higher dimensional modeling object file format,a text file format or a document file format.
 9. The method of claim 1wherein the library application includes a Dynamic Link Library (DLL)library application or a Dynamic Library Loading (DLL) application. 10.The method of claim 1 wherein the sending step includes sending thesecond data file with the second data file format including an AUTODESKREVIT 3D modeling object in an AUTODESK REVIT formatted file with a .RFAfile extension or a .RFT file extension or an AUTOCAD 3D modeling objectin an AUTOCAD formatted file with a .DWG file extension.
 11. The methodof claim 1 wherein the server network device and the target networkdevice include a wireless networking interface comprising a WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) wireless networkinginterface with 4^(th) generation (4G) wireless speeds or faster forcommunicating with the communications network.
 12. The method of claim 1where the server network device and the target network device include awireless network interface for Near Field Communications (NFC) orMachine-to-Machine (M2M) communications for communicating with thecommunications network.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the targetnetwork device includes a desktop computer, laptop computer, tabletcomputer, mobile phone, non-mobile phone with display, smart phone, 3Dprinter, Internet phone, Internet appliance, personal digital/dataassistants (PDA), digital camera, portable game console, non-portablegame console, wearable network device, cable television (CATV) set-topbox, satellite television (SATV) set-top box, Internet televisionset-top box and digital televisions including high definitiontelevisions (HDTV) and three-dimensional (3DTV) televisions.
 14. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: creating on the first serverapplication a preliminary specific 2D object model in a selected mark-uplanguage with the received 2D electronic data; converting on the firstserver application the selected mark-up language to the first dataformat in the first file; sending from the first server application to alibrary application on the server network device the first file and afinal type of 2D object model format for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program; converting from the library application the createdpreliminary 2D object model into the final type of 2D object model forthe selected type of 3D modeling program; and sending from the libraryapplication on the server network device to the target application onthe target network device via the communications network the final typeof 2D object model for the selected type of 3D modeling program.
 15. Themethod of claim 1 wherein target application on the target networkdevice sends final type of 3D object model for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program to a manufacturing application on manufacturing servernetwork device with one or more processors via the communicationsnetwork to automatically manufacture an actual physical 3D object fromthe final type of 3D object model.
 16. The method of claim 15 whereinthe manufacturing server network device includes a robot, 3D printer, ormanufacturing machine.
 17. The method of claim 1 further comprising:receiving on a cloud server application on cloud network device with oneor more processors, two-dimensional (2D) electronic data for a specifictype of three-dimensional (3D) object model for a selected type of 3Dmodeling program on a target application on target network device withone or more processors via a cloud communications network comprising oneor more public communication networks, one or more private networks, oneor more community networks and one or more hybrid networks; storing fromthe cloud server application the received 2D electronic data into afirst cloud storage object; selecting from the cloud server applicationa blank generic 3D object model template for the specific type of 3Dobject model included in received 2D electronic data; creating on thecloud server application a preliminary specific 3D object in theselected blank generic 3D object model template in a selected mark-uplanguage with the received 2D electronic data stored in the first cloudstorage object; converting on the cloud server application the createdpreliminary 3D object model in the selected mark-up language to a firstdata format in a first data file; sending from the cloud serverapplication to a library application on the server network device thefirst data file and a final type of 3D object format model for theselected type of 3D modeling program; converting from the libraryapplication the created preliminary 3D object model into a final type of3D object model for the selected type of 3D modeling program; andsending from the library application on the server network device to thetarget application on the target network device via the cloudcommunications network the final type of 3D object model for theselected type of 3D modeling program in a second data format in a seconddata file stored in a second cloud storage object.
 18. The method ofclaim 17 wherein the cloud communications network includes an 2D to 3Ddata modeling conversion service, a cloud computing platform for a 2D to3D data modeling conversion service and a cloud computing infrastructurefor the a 2D to 3D data modeling conversion service and wherein thecloud communications network includes on-demand 2D to 3D data modelingconversion services, broadband network access, resource pooling, rapidelasticity and measured network services for 2D to 3D data modelingconversion services.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the cloud serverapplication offers a cloud computing Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),a cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) and offers a Specific cloudsoftware service as a Service (SaaS) including a specific cloud softwareservice for 2D to 3D data modeling conversion services.
 20. A system forcreating three-dimensional (3D) objects from two dimensional (2D) data,comprising in combination for: one or more network devices each with oneor more processors connected to a communications network, the one ormore network devices executing a plurality of instructions in one ormore non-transitory computer readable mediums and configured for: forreceiving on a first server application on a first server network devicewith one or more processors, two-dimensional (2D) electronic data for aspecific type of three-dimensional (3D) object model for a selected typeof 3D modeling program on a target application on target network devicewith one or more processors via a communications network; for selectingfrom the first server application a blank generic 3D object template forthe specific type of 3D object model included in received 2D electronicdata; for creating on the first server application a preliminaryspecific 3D object model in the selected blank generic 3D object modeltemplate in a selected mark-up language with the received 2D electronicdata; for converting on the first server application the createdpreliminary 3D object model in the selected mark-up language to a firstdata format in a first data file; for sending from the first serverapplication to a library application on the server network device thefirst data file and a final type of 3D object model format for theselected type of 3D modeling program; for converting from the libraryapplication the created preliminary 3D object model into a final type of3D object model for the selected type of 3D modeling program; and forsending from the library application on the server network device to thetarget application on the target network device via the communicationsnetwork the final type of 3D object model for the selected type of 3Dmodeling program in a second data format in a second data file.